Dimensional and shape measurements use calipers, micrometers, and coordinate measuring machines (CMM). Specifically, calipers and micrometers are used to measure the basic dimensions of simple – shaped permanent magnets, while CMM can provide precise three – dimensional data for complex shapes. For accurate measurements, components are placed on a stable, temperature-controlled platform free from vibrations. Density measurement follows Archimedes’ principle using a density meter by weighing the magnet in both air and a specific liquid to calculate its density accurately. Liquid temperature and purity are strictly controlled to avoid errors. Hardness testing is conducted using a Rockwell or Vickers hardness tester, selecting the appropriate method based on material type and characteristics. Testing conditions, such as load and holding time, are carefully chosen according to hardness standards, ensuring the hardness value’s accuracy as a reliable basis for evaluating the magnet’s physical properties.